In addition, Louis’ absolutism was further impeded by corruption. Much like England at this time, France’s state officials were poorly paid, resulting in officials lining their own pockets to suit their needs. Louis’ tax farmers were often guilty of this essays on success in college, adding to the already inconvenient state of affairs. Also, indirect taxes such the Gabelle on salt were very unpopular and increased the already heavily increasing tax rates due to Louis’ many wars. This added to the hardship of the peasants of the third estate. From a financial point of view, the estates of seventeenth century France were an innate problem with French society. The first and second estates were exempt from taxation essays for psychology, and ironically were made up of the richest people in society (aristocrats, high-ranking clergy). This left the entire tax burden to the people who could afford it least (the third estate), the peasantry. This led to both unrest and population decline, which in turn needed funding to solve, making matters even worse. Not only was the peasantry slowly declining in size, the nobility was increasing. To French nobility at the time, work was seen as socially unacceptable, unless it was in the army or church, leaving no opportunity for even indirect tax on nobility. So, to gain extra funds, bureaucratic offices were created and sold to rich merchants and landowners, leaving them exempt from taxation, with bureaucratic jobs that were invariably of the lowest workload and importance. This type of long-term loss for short-term gain policies clogged up the bureaucracy and administration mary shelley frankenstein essay, while urging on the dire financial situation of the state as a whole. Collecting taxes posed another problem for the same reasons; lack of communication, information and very slow response time meant that if provinces didn’t pay enough, it could be weeks or even months until Louis knew about it. Also, Pays d’etat provinces posed a problem as they were allowed to negotiate tax rates, which resulted in constant dispute. Not only did this make setting and collecting taxes difficult, but as Maland commented, “made nonsense of Louis’ concept of L’etat, c’est moi” and was a blatant insult to Louis’ absolutism. There were many factors that hindered and boosted Louis’ quest for absolute power over France. Many were simple logistical problems such as the lack of efficient transport and communication that were not Louis’ fault, but made absolute power much more difficult to attain. However, there were many decisions made by Louis that have become the subject of historical debate. For example, orthodox historians such as N. Mitford hold the view that Louis’ persecution of the Huguenots was “a disaster”, while more revisionist style historians such as W.C. Scoville put French economic stagnation down to Louis’ last two wars; which would seem a more logical explanation. Other areas of debate include whether Louis’ treatment of minority religious sects destroyed French international image, and the contribution to absolutism given by intendants and Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Orthodox historians commonly believe that Colbert was fundamental in bringing France’s economic position back form near bankruptcy. However write opinion essay, revisionists have challenged this view and criticized Colbert for not developing the agricultural side of France’s economy, whose technology and yields, which were stagnating, and were the principal occupation of most of Louis’ subjects. EffectivePapers.blogspot.com is a writing resource with plenty of sample essays, term papers, research paper examples, free dissertations, thesis papers, speeches, book reports/reviews on a huge variety of writing topics which are the most popular topics assigned students in school, college and university. Do you need a professionally written free example essay or sample research paper in your discipline? Our writing blog gives access to free essays, free research papers short story of essay, free term papers and dissertations in more than 60 college and university subjects. Any problems with APA or MLA citation? You will find free papers in any format you need. This reduced his absolutism in more than one way. Firstly, it meant that he was made to look overly aggressive; secondly his people were ashamed and as a result less respectful; and thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, he had to show weakness by making amends and apologising to the Roman Catholic Church. This was because although France retained its Gallican spirit, its church still respected the authority of Rome and as a result, Louis could not officially condemn unwanted religious sects children labour essay, namely Jansenists and Huguenots. This reduced his absolutism further, as it now appeared that Louis had to appeal for help in exercising the law on his own subjects. France’s defiant Gallicanism also caused Louis problems. R. Wilkinson once commented that you did not need to push French clergy very hard “in order to reveal hatred of Roman influence”. In 1673 this became blatantly obvious in an altercation between the Pope and Louis over the Regale. The Regale was a custom by which the king claimed the salaries of vacant bishoprics. While this had already been legal in some areas of northern France, Louis extended it to the whole of France. In response, two French Bishops appealed to Rome, claiming Louis was interfering with Church law. After receiving threats from the pope in support, Louis alerted the Gallicans, who by 1682 had published the anti-papal ‘Gallican Articles’. A tit for tat dispute ensued in which Louis himself was nearly excommunicated, resulting in the French seizure of Avignon. This was a step too far; it ruined his foreign policy, embarrassed French Catholics and put him blatantly in the wrong. Canadian eating habits are being transformed. Concern for better health has led to a "small decline in total meat consumption." Canadians are also spending more on fruits, vegetables, pasta, and other complex carbohydrates. Canadians, especially those in the larger cities, have also acquired more cosmopolitan tastes. The range of foods and beverages available is far greater than ever before, and includes dishes from Ethiopia, Thailand, Latin American, and a variety of Chinese regions. Still, many traditional regional eating habits have been retained, such as the "distinctive diets of the Inuit and other indigenous groups," and the French-influenced cuisine of Quebec. The Brittany-Normandy Hills has low hills and plains. This region consists of rock covered by poor soils, with some fertile areas along the coast. Apple orchard and dairy farms criss-cross the land. There are many bays along the coast that have many important fishing harbors. In 121 BC the Romans established a protectorate over the old Greek colony at Massalia and then founded another settlement farther inland at Narbonne essay linking words ielts, which in turn became the center of the flourishing province of Gallia Narbonensis. The climate of France is generally moderate. In the Mediterranean coastal area, in the plateau, and eastern-highlands regions, "the climate is generally continental." Temperatures along the Atlantic are equalized by ocean currents and the southwestern winds. In the northeastern region, severe winters and hot summers are normal. The average daily temperature range in Paris is 1° to 6° C in January and 15° to 25° C in July. Average precipitation is 24 in. per year in Paris. Weather throughout much of France can be variable at all times of the year. Regional variations in precipitation range between about 55 in. in the mountainous areas and about 10 in. annually in certain northern lowland areas. "The Royalist majority in the assembly intended to restore the monarchy but could not resolve differences between the Bourbon and Orleanist pretenders to the throne, and in 1875 Republicans mustered enough votes to win approval of a republican constitution." The Monarchists hoped eventually to replace the republican president with a king, but a move in that direction in 1877 was blocked. The Aquitanian Lowlands are drained by the Garonne River, and it's smaller streams. Sandy Beaches lie along the coast. Inland, the region has pine forests, plains, and sand dunes. Its many vineyards supply for France's wine industry. Among the people of France there are some small regional difference between traditions and language. The major regional difference is between the people of Paris and those of the rest of France. No other French city, equal Paris as a center of cultural, economic, and political activity. Every year, thousands of persons move to Paris to enjoy its varied advantages. The French nobles may have had no intention of installing the Capetians as a dynasty, but Hugh moved quickly to have his son Robert crowned. When Robert became king in 996, he named his son Hugh as his successor, but due to Hugh's death, another son, Henry, became king in 1031. The Capetians eventually passed the crown through a direct male line for more than three centuries, from 987 through 1328.
Principal field crops in 1997, with production in metric tons, included wheat, maize fruits such as grapes and apples and root crops, particularly sugar beets and potatoes. Other important field crops include barley, rye, oats, turnips chemistry written thesis phd, artichokes, flax, hemp, and tobacco. In some parts of the country silk culture is important. "Fruit-growing figures prominently in the economy of the French countryside" large crops of cider, apples are pears, plums parts of a one page essay, peaches, apricots, berries, cherries, olives, citrus fruits, and nuts. In 1997 livestock on the farms of France included 20.3 million cattle, 15.0 million pigs, 10.1 million sheep, 1.1 million goats, and 341,000 horses, as well as 276 million poultry. The Mediterranean Lowlands and Rhone Valley Region has productive farming area. Fruits, vegetable, and wine grapes are important products. Marseille, on the Mediterranean Sea, is the leading seaport of France. This coast also includes, The Riviera, France's most famous resort area. Disclaimer: Free essays on Geography posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only. The free Geography research paper (France essay ) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service. If you need fresh and competent research / writing on Geography, use the professional writing service offered by our company. There is something for everyone in France. Noin, Daniel. France’s Natural Resources. Discover France. 17 June 2002 Labour Market Regulations and Capital Labour Substitution Credit Frictions and the Cleansing Effect of Recessions. CSR as a Tool of Employer Branding (CSR Jako Narzędzie Budowy Marki Pracodawcy)
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